Grounding, Counterpoises and Radials

Type of ground

Dielectric constant

Conductivity (S/m)

Quality

Salt water

 81

5.0

excellent

Fresh water

 80

0.001

poor

Pastoral, low hills

 12-14

0.0075-0.03

very good

Pastoral, medium hills

 13

0.005-0.006

average

Rocky soil/mountainous

 12-14

0.002

poor

Sandy/dry flat/coastal

 10

0.002

poor

Cities/industrial areas

 5

0.001

very poor

Heavy industry/high rise

3

0.001

extremely poor

Above is a Table showing Ground Conductivity

Ground Planes

A ground plane is an artificial series of raised wires creating an artifical ground plane

Counterpoise

A wire or series of wires mounted at or near to the ground, yet insulated from the ground

 

This doesn't clear it up but these are dictionary definitions